Software Testing Interview questions for Infosys
Table of Contents
Manual testing interview questions for Infosys
- What is the difference between verification and validation in software testing?
- Verification ensures the product is designed according to specifications (i.e., “Are we building the product right?”). Validation checks whether the product meets user needs and requirements (i.e., “Are we building the right product?”).
- What is a test case? Can you explain the components of a good test case?
- A test case is a set of actions executed to verify a particular feature or functionality of the software application. Components include:
- Test case ID
- Test description
- Pre-conditions
- Test steps
- Expected result
- Actual result
- Post-conditions
- A test case is a set of actions executed to verify a particular feature or functionality of the software application. Components include:
- What is the difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?
- Black-box testing involves testing the system without knowledge of internal code, focusing on inputs and expected outputs. White-box testing involves testing internal structures, logic, and code paths.
- What are the various types of testing in software development?
- Types include:
- Unit testing
- Integration testing
- System testing
- Regression testing
- Acceptance testing
- Performance testing
- Usability testing
- Types include:
- What is the software development life cycle (SDLC)? How does it relate to the testing life cycle?
- SDLC is a process followed for software development, involving phases like requirement gathering, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. The testing life cycle fits within SDLC, focusing on planning, designing test cases, executing tests, and closure.
- Explain the difference between functional and non-functional testing.
- Functional testing verifies the system against functional requirements (e.g., login functionality). Non-functional testing checks performance, usability, security, etc., without focusing on specific behaviors (e.g., load testing).
- What is regression testing, and why is it important?
- Regression testing ensures that new code changes have not adversely affected existing functionalities. It is important to maintain software stability over time.
- What is exploratory testing? When would you use it?
- Exploratory testing is performed without formal planning or test case documentation, where testers explore the software to find defects. It is often used when the requirements are not well understood or time is limited.
- What is the difference between system testing and integration testing?
- System testing checks the complete system as a whole for functionality. Integration testing focuses on verifying the interaction between different modules of the application.
- What is a defect life cycle? Can you explain its stages?
- The defect life cycle describes the progression of a defect from identification to closure. Stages include:
- New
- Assigned
- Open
- Fixed
- Retested
- Closed (or Reopen if not fixed)
- The defect life cycle describes the progression of a defect from identification to closure. Stages include:
- What is the role of a tester during requirements analysis?
- A tester reviews requirements to ensure they are clear, complete, and testable. They identify potential ambiguities and prepare test plans accordingly.
- How do you prioritize test cases during a time crunch?
- Prioritize based on:
- High-risk areas
- Critical functionalities
- Customer-facing features
- Recent changes (to check for regressions)
- Prioritize based on:
- What is smoke testing, and how does it differ from sanity testing?
- Smoke testing is a high-level test to ensure basic functionality works. Sanity testing is a narrow test focused on validating specific functionalities after minor changes.
- What is a test plan, and what does it typically include?
- A test plan is a document that outlines the testing strategy, objectives, schedule, resources, and deliverables. It typically includes:
- Scope of testing
- Test objectives
- Test criteria (pass/fail)
- Resources and responsibilities
- Schedule and deadlines
- A test plan is a document that outlines the testing strategy, objectives, schedule, resources, and deliverables. It typically includes:
- Can you explain the difference between severity and priority in bug tracking?
- Severity refers to the impact of the defect on the system. Priority indicates how urgently the defect should be fixed. A high-severity bug may not always be high-priority (and vice versa).
- What is usability testing, and how is it performed?
- Usability testing evaluates how easy and user-friendly a system is. Testers observe users interacting with the system and assess efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction.
- What are the key differences between alpha and beta testing?
- Alpha testing is performed internally by testers before the product is released to real users. Beta testing is performed by actual users in a real-world environment to gather feedback before final release.
- What are positive and negative test cases? Provide examples.
- Positive test cases ensure the system works as expected with valid input (e.g., login with correct credentials). Negative test cases check how the system handles invalid inputs (e.g., login with incorrect credentials).
- How do you ensure comprehensive test coverage?
- Ensure all functional and non-functional requirements are covered by writing test cases for each. Use techniques like requirements traceability matrix, test design techniques (e.g., boundary value analysis), and regular reviews.
- What is boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning in testing?
- Boundary value analysis tests the boundaries between partitions, where defects are more likely (e.g., testing input at 0, 1, 100 for a range 1-100). Equivalence partitioning divides input data into partitions to reduce the number of test cases.
- What is ad-hoc testing? When should it be performed?
- Ad-hoc testing is informal and unstructured testing performed without planning or documentation. It is useful when time is limited or to explore unexpected behaviors.
- What is acceptance testing, and who is responsible for it?
- Acceptance testing validates the software against business requirements and user needs. It is typically performed by the client or end-users to ensure the product is ready for release.
- What is the difference between load testing and stress testing?
- Load testing assesses the system’s behavior under expected user loads. Stress testing evaluates the system’s behavior under extreme or unexpected loads to find the breaking point.
- How would you handle a situation where a developer disagrees with your reported bug?
- Provide clear evidence such as screenshots, logs, or reproduction steps. Communicate the impact of the bug on end-users and refer to the requirements or acceptance criteria.
- Can you describe the steps to reproduce a bug in detail? Why is this important?
- Steps to reproduce a bug should be detailed and precise to help developers replicate and fix the issue. Important steps include:
- Preconditions
- Clear step-by-step instructions
- Expected result
- Actual result
- Clear reproduction steps ensure that the developer can reliably identify and fix the bug.
- Steps to reproduce a bug should be detailed and precise to help developers replicate and fix the issue. Important steps include:
Core java software testing interview questions for Infosys
What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?
- JDK (Java Development Kit) contains tools for developing Java programs, including the JRE and development tools (compilers, debuggers).
- JRE (Java Runtime Environment) is the part of the JDK that contains the libraries and other components needed to run Java applications.
- JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is responsible for running Java bytecode by converting it into machine language specific to the system.
Explain OOP concepts and how they are applied in Java.
- Encapsulation: Wrapping data (fields) and methods in a single unit (class). In Java, we achieve it by making variables private and providing public getter/setter methods.
- Inheritance: One class inherits the properties and behaviors of another class using the
extendskeyword. - Polymorphism: Java supports both compile-time (method overloading) and runtime (method overriding) polymorphism.
- Abstraction: Hiding the implementation details and showing only the essential features. Achieved via abstract classes or interfaces.
What is polymorphism? Can you provide an example?
- Polymorphism means “many forms.” In Java, it allows one object to be treated as multiple types. Example:
class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal makes sound"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Dog barks"); }
}
Animal obj = new Dog();
obj.sound(); // Output: Dog barks
What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class in Java?
- Abstract class: Can have both abstract methods (without body) and non-abstract methods (with implementation).
- Interface: All methods are abstract by default (before Java 8). From Java 8, it can also have default and static methods.
- Abstract classes are extended, whereas interfaces are implemented.
What are the different types of exceptions in Java? How do you handle exceptions?
- Checked exceptions: Must be handled at compile time (e.g.,
IOException,SQLException). - Unchecked exceptions: Occur at runtime, not required to be handled (e.g.,
NullPointerException,ArithmeticException). - Exceptions are handled using
try,catch,finally, andthrowkeywords.
- Checked exceptions: Must be handled at compile time (e.g.,
Explain the concept of collections in Java. What is the difference between
ArrayListandLinkedList?- The Java Collection Framework provides data structures such as lists, sets, and maps.
ArrayList: Resizable array. Provides constant-time access but slower insertion and deletion at random positions.LinkedList: Doubly linked list. Provides efficient insertion and deletion but slower access by index.
What is the difference between
Set,List, andMapin Java?- Set: Unordered collection that does not allow duplicates (
HashSet,TreeSet). - List: Ordered collection that allows duplicates and maintains insertion order (
ArrayList,LinkedList). - Map: A collection of key-value pairs where keys are unique (
HashMap,TreeMap).
- Set: Unordered collection that does not allow duplicates (
What is synchronization, and why is it important in Java?
- Synchronization is a process that controls the access of multiple threads to shared resources. It is essential to prevent data inconsistency and race conditions.
Explain the concept of immutability in Java with examples (e.g., String class).
- Immutability means an object’s state cannot be changed once created. In Java,
Stringis immutable, meaning once a string is created, it cannot be modified. Any modification creates a newStringobject.
- Immutability means an object’s state cannot be changed once created. In Java,
What is the purpose of the
final,finally, andfinalizekeywords?final: Used to declare constants, prevent inheritance, or prevent method overriding.finally: Block in exception handling that always executes, regardless of whether an exception is handled or not.finalize: A method called by the garbage collector before an object is destroyed.
Can you explain the purpose of the
statickeyword in Java?- The
statickeyword is used for memory management. It makes fields and methods belong to the class rather than any instance of the class.
- The
What are Java generics? How are they used in automation frameworks?
- Generics provide type safety and allow classes, methods, and interfaces to operate on types specified at runtime. In automation, generics can help create reusable code components for different data types, like reusable functions for web elements.
What is multithreading in Java, and how is it useful in automation testing?
- Multithreading allows concurrent execution of two or more parts of a program. In automation, it is used to run multiple tests in parallel, which reduces execution time.
How does garbage collection work in Java?
- Java’s garbage collector automatically removes objects that are no longer referenced by the program, freeing up memory.
Explain the concept of
thisandsuperkeywords in Java.this: Refers to the current instance of the class.super: Refers to the superclass instance. Used to access superclass methods, fields, or constructors.
Automation testing interview questions for Infosys
What is Selenium WebDriver, and how is it used with Java for automation?
- Selenium WebDriver is a tool for automating web application testing. In Java, it is used to write scripts that interact with web elements, perform browser actions, and validate application behavior.
How would you handle web elements that are dynamically loaded in a webpage using Selenium?
- Use explicit waits (e.g.,
WebDriverWait) to wait for elements to load dynamically.
- Use explicit waits (e.g.,
Explain how you can handle multiple windows or pop-ups in Selenium WebDriver.
- Use
getWindowHandles()to switch between windows, andswitchTo().window()to control them. Example:
- Use
String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
for (String window : allWindows) {
driver.switchTo().window(window);
}
What is TestNG, and why is it commonly used in automation testing with Java?
- TestNG is a testing framework inspired by JUnit. It provides features like parallel test execution, annotations (e.g.,
@Test,@BeforeMethod), and better test configuration and reporting.
- TestNG is a testing framework inspired by JUnit. It provides features like parallel test execution, annotations (e.g.,
How do you handle synchronization issues in Selenium (explicit vs. implicit waits)?
- Implicit waits: Set a default wait time for the WebDriver to poll the DOM before throwing an exception.
- Explicit waits: Wait for a specific condition to occur before proceeding.
Can you explain the Page Object Model (POM) design pattern and its advantages?
- POM separates the UI (Page Object) from test scripts, making tests more readable and maintainable. It allows reusability of the page objects across different test cases.
What is a
WebElement, and how do you locate elements on a webpage using Java?- A
WebElementrepresents an element in the DOM. Elements are located using locators likeid,name,xpath,cssSelector,
- A
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("example"));
How would you capture a screenshot in Selenium WebDriver?
- Use
TakesScreenshotinterface to capture screenshots:
File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
What are the best practices for writing maintainable automation tests using Java?
- Follow design patterns (e.g., POM).
- Use reusable methods and avoid hardcoding values.
- Use assertions wisely and structure test cases clearly.
- Write clean, modular, and documented code.
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